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Protocol History

The table below lists every mainnet Ethereum hardfork, its activation point, the EIPs it introduced, a link to its fork manifest in EELS, and the Ethereum Foundation announcement blog post.

Mainnet hardforks

Version and Code Name Block No. Released Incl EIPs Fork Specifications Blog
Osaka 23935694 2025-12-03 EIP-7594
EIP-7642
EIP-7823
EIP-7825
EIP-7883
EIP-7892
EIP-7910
EIP-7917
EIP-7918
EIP-7934
EIP-7935
EIP-7939
EIP-7951		 Hardfork Meta EIP-7607
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Prague 22431084 2025-05-07 EIP-2537
EIP-2935
EIP-6110
EIP-7002
EIP-7251
EIP-7549
EIP-7623
EIP-7685
EIP-7691
EIP-7702		 Hardfork Meta EIP-7600
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Cancun 19426587 2024-03-13
(1710338135)		 EIP-1153
EIP-4788
EIP-4844
EIP-5656
EIP-6780
EIP-7044
EIP-7045
EIP-7514
EIP-7516		 Hardfork Meta EIP-7569
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Shanghai 17034870 2023-04-12
(1681338455)		 EIP-3651
EIP-3855
EIP-3860
EIP-4895		 (Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Paris 15537394 2022-09-15 EIP-3675
EIP-4399		 (Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Gray Glacier 15050000 2022-06-30 EIP-5133 (Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Arrow Glacier 13773000 2021-12-09 EIP-4345 (Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
London 12965000 2021-08-05 EIP-1559
EIP-3198
EIP-3529
EIP-3541
EIP-3554		 (Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Berlin 12244000 2021-04-15 EIP-2565
EIP-2929
EIP-2718
EIP-2930		 Hardfork Meta EIP-2070
(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Muir Glacier 9200000 2020-01-02 EIP-2384 Hardfork Meta EIP-2387
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Istanbul 9069000 2019-12-07 EIP-152
EIP-1108
EIP-1344
EIP-1884
EIP-2028
EIP-2200		 Hardfork Meta EIP-1679
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Petersburg 7280000 2019-02-28 EIP-145
EIP-1014
EIP-1052
EIP-1234		 Hardfork Meta EIP-1716 Blog
Constantinople 7280000 2019-02-28 EIP-145
EIP-1014
EIP-1052
EIP-1234
EIP-1283		 Hardfork Meta EIP-1013
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Byzantium 4370000 2017-10-16 EIP-100
EIP-140
EIP-196
EIP-197
EIP-198
EIP-211
EIP-214
EIP-649
EIP-658		 Hardfork Meta EIP-609
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Spurious Dragon 2675000 2016-11-22 EIP-155
EIP-160
EIP-161
EIP-170		 Hardfork Meta EIP-607
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Tangerine Whistle 2463000 2016-10-18 EIP-150 Hardfork Meta EIP-608
Fork Manifest		 Blog
DAO Fork 1920000 2016-07-20 Hardfork Meta EIP-779
Fork Manifest		 Blog
DAO Wars aborted aborted Blog
Homestead 1150000 2016-03-14 EIP-2
EIP-7
EIP-8		 Hardfork Meta EIP-606
Fork Manifest		 Blog
Frontier Thawing 200000 2015-09-07 Blog
Frontier 1 2015-07-30 Fork Manifest Blog

Activation mechanism

Starting with Paris, updates are no longer rolled out based on block numbers. Paris was enabled once proof-of-work Total Difficulty reached 58750000000000000000000. As of Shanghai (at 1681338455), upgrade activation is based on timestamps.

Clarifications without a protocol release

Some clarifications were enabled without protocol releases:

EIP Block No.
EIP-2681 0
EIP-3607 0
EIP-7523 15537394
EIP-7610 0