<snip>

    return old

    <snip>

    recent_blocks = chain.blocks[-255:]

    # TODO: This function has not been tested rigorously

    if len(recent_blocks) == 0:

        return []

    recent_block_hashes = []

    for block in recent_blocks:

        prev_block_hash = block.header.parent_hash

        recent_block_hashes.append(prev_block_hash)

    # We are computing the hash only for the most recent block and not for

    # the rest of the blocks as they have successors which have the hash of

    # the current block as parent hash.

    most_recent_block_hash = keccak256(rlp.encode(recent_blocks[-1].header))

    recent_block_hashes.append(most_recent_block_hash)

    return recent_block_hashes

    <snip>

    validate_header(chain, block.header)

    if block.ommers != ():

        raise InvalidBlock

    block_state = BlockState(pre_state=chain.state)

    block_env = vm.BlockEnvironment(

        chain_id=chain.chain_id,

        state=block_state,

        block_gas_limit=block.header.gas_limit,

        block_hashes=get_last_256_block_hashes(chain),

        coinbase=block.header.coinbase,

        number=block.header.number,

        base_fee_per_gas=block.header.base_fee_per_gas,

        time=block.header.timestamp,

        prev_randao=block.header.prev_randao,

        excess_blob_gas=block.header.excess_blob_gas,

        parent_beacon_block_root=block.header.parent_beacon_block_root,

    )

    block_output = apply_body(

        block_env=block_env,

        transactions=block.transactions,

        withdrawals=block.withdrawals,

    )

    block_diff = extract_block_diff(block_state)

    block_state_root, _ = chain.state.compute_state_root_and_trie_changes(

        block_diff.account_changes, block_diff.storage_changes

    )

    transactions_root = root(block_output.transactions_trie)

    receipt_root = root(block_output.receipts_trie)

    block_logs_bloom = logs_bloom(block_output.block_logs)

    withdrawals_root = root(block_output.withdrawals_trie)

    if block_output.block_gas_used != block.header.gas_used:

        raise InvalidBlock(

            f"{block_output.block_gas_used} != {block.header.gas_used}"

        )

    if transactions_root != block.header.transactions_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if block_state_root != block.header.state_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if receipt_root != block.header.receipt_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if block_logs_bloom != block.header.bloom:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if withdrawals_root != block.header.withdrawals_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if block_output.blob_gas_used != block.header.blob_gas_used:

        raise InvalidBlock

    apply_changes_to_state(chain.state, block_diff)

    chain.blocks.append(block)

    if len(chain.blocks) > 255:

        # Real clients have to store more blocks to deal with reorgs, but the

        # protocol only requires the last 255

        chain.blocks = chain.blocks[-255:]

    <snip>

    parent_gas_target = parent_gas_limit // ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER

    if not check_gas_limit(block_gas_limit, parent_gas_limit):

        raise InvalidBlock

    if parent_gas_used == parent_gas_target:

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = parent_base_fee_per_gas

    elif parent_gas_used > parent_gas_target:

        gas_used_delta = parent_gas_used - parent_gas_target

        parent_fee_gas_delta = parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta

        target_fee_gas_delta = parent_fee_gas_delta // parent_gas_target

        base_fee_per_gas_delta = max(

            target_fee_gas_delta // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR,

            Uint(1),

        )

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = (

            parent_base_fee_per_gas + base_fee_per_gas_delta

        )

    else:

        gas_used_delta = parent_gas_target - parent_gas_used

        parent_fee_gas_delta = parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta

        target_fee_gas_delta = parent_fee_gas_delta // parent_gas_target

        base_fee_per_gas_delta = (

            target_fee_gas_delta // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR

        )

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = (

            parent_base_fee_per_gas - base_fee_per_gas_delta

        )

    return Uint(expected_base_fee_per_gas)

    <snip>

    if header.number < Uint(1):

        raise InvalidBlock

    parent_header = chain.blocks[-1].header

    excess_blob_gas = calculate_excess_blob_gas(parent_header)

    if header.excess_blob_gas != excess_blob_gas:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.gas_used > header.gas_limit:

        raise InvalidBlock

    expected_base_fee_per_gas = calculate_base_fee_per_gas(

        header.gas_limit,

        parent_header.gas_limit,

        parent_header.gas_used,

        parent_header.base_fee_per_gas,

    )

    if expected_base_fee_per_gas != header.base_fee_per_gas:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.timestamp <= parent_header.timestamp:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.number != parent_header.number + Uint(1):

        raise InvalidBlock

    if len(header.extra_data) > 32:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.difficulty != 0:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.nonce != b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00":

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.ommers_hash != EMPTY_OMMER_HASH:

        raise InvalidBlock

    block_parent_hash = keccak256(rlp.encode(parent_header))

    if header.parent_hash != block_parent_hash:

        raise InvalidBlock

    <snip>

    gas_available = block_env.block_gas_limit - block_output.block_gas_used

    blob_gas_available = MAX_BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOCK - block_output.blob_gas_used

    if tx.gas > gas_available:

        raise GasUsedExceedsLimitError("gas used exceeds limit")

    tx_blob_gas_used = calculate_total_blob_gas(tx)

    if tx_blob_gas_used > blob_gas_available:

        raise BlobGasLimitExceededError("blob gas limit exceeded")

    sender_address = recover_sender(block_env.chain_id, tx)

    sender_account = get_account(tx_state, sender_address)

    if isinstance(tx, FeeMarketCapableTransaction):

        if tx.max_fee_per_gas < tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas:

            raise PriorityFeeGreaterThanMaxFeeError(

                "priority fee greater than max fee"

            )

        if tx.max_fee_per_gas < block_env.base_fee_per_gas:

            raise InsufficientMaxFeePerGasError(

                tx.max_fee_per_gas, block_env.base_fee_per_gas

            )

        priority_fee_per_gas = min(

            tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas,

            tx.max_fee_per_gas - block_env.base_fee_per_gas,

        )

        effective_gas_price = priority_fee_per_gas + block_env.base_fee_per_gas

        max_gas_fee = tx.gas * tx.max_fee_per_gas

    else:

        if tx.gas_price < block_env.base_fee_per_gas:

            raise InvalidBlock

        effective_gas_price = tx.gas_price

        max_gas_fee = tx.gas * tx.gas_price

    if isinstance(tx, BlobTransaction):

        if not isinstance(tx.to, Address):

            raise TransactionTypeContractCreationError(tx)

        if len(tx.blob_versioned_hashes) == 0:

            raise NoBlobDataError("no blob data in transaction")

        for blob_versioned_hash in tx.blob_versioned_hashes:

            if blob_versioned_hash[0:1] != VERSIONED_HASH_VERSION_KZG:

                raise InvalidBlobVersionedHashError(

                    "invalid blob versioned hash"

                )

        blob_gas_price = calculate_blob_gas_price(block_env.excess_blob_gas)

        if Uint(tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas) < blob_gas_price:

            raise InsufficientMaxFeePerBlobGasError(

                "insufficient max fee per blob gas"

            )

        max_gas_fee += Uint(calculate_total_blob_gas(tx)) * Uint(

            tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas

        )

        blob_versioned_hashes = tx.blob_versioned_hashes

    else:

        blob_versioned_hashes = ()

    if sender_account.nonce > Uint(tx.nonce):

        raise NonceMismatchError("nonce too low")

    elif sender_account.nonce < Uint(tx.nonce):

        raise NonceMismatchError("nonce too high")

    if Uint(sender_account.balance) < max_gas_fee + Uint(tx.value):

        raise InsufficientBalanceError("insufficient sender balance")

    if sender_account.code_hash != EMPTY_CODE_HASH:

        raise InvalidSenderError("not EOA")

    return (

        sender_address,

        effective_gas_price,

        blob_versioned_hashes,

        tx_blob_gas_used,

    )

    <snip>

    receipt = Receipt(

        succeeded=error is None,

        cumulative_gas_used=cumulative_gas_used,

        bloom=logs_bloom(logs),

        logs=logs,

    )

    return encode_receipt(tx, receipt)

    <snip>

    system_tx_state = TransactionState(parent=block_env.state)

    system_contract_code = get_code(

        system_tx_state,

        get_account(system_tx_state, target_address).code_hash,

    )

    tx_env = vm.TransactionEnvironment(

        origin=SYSTEM_ADDRESS,

        gas_price=block_env.base_fee_per_gas,

        gas=SYSTEM_TRANSACTION_GAS,

        access_list_addresses=set(),

        access_list_storage_keys=set(),

        state=system_tx_state,

        blob_versioned_hashes=(),

        index_in_block=None,

        tx_hash=None,

    )

    system_tx_message = Message(

        block_env=block_env,

        tx_env=tx_env,

        caller=SYSTEM_ADDRESS,

        target=target_address,

        gas=SYSTEM_TRANSACTION_GAS,

        value=U256(0),

        data=data,

        code=system_contract_code,

        depth=Uint(0),

        current_target=target_address,

        code_address=target_address,

        should_transfer_value=False,

        is_static=False,

        accessed_addresses=set(),

        accessed_storage_keys=set(),

        parent_evm=None,

    )

    system_tx_output = process_message_call(system_tx_message)

    incorporate_tx_into_block(system_tx_state)

    return system_tx_output

    <snip>

    block_output = vm.BlockOutput()

    process_unchecked_system_transaction(

        block_env=block_env,

        target_address=BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS,

        data=block_env.parent_beacon_block_root,

    )

    for i, tx in enumerate(map(decode_transaction, transactions)):

        process_transaction(block_env, block_output, tx, Uint(i))

    process_withdrawals(block_env, block_output, withdrawals)

    return block_output

    <snip>

    tx_state = TransactionState(parent=block_env.state)

    trie_set(

        block_output.transactions_trie,

        rlp.encode(index),

        encode_transaction(tx),

    )

    intrinsic_gas = validate_transaction(tx)

    (

        sender,

        effective_gas_price,

        blob_versioned_hashes,

        tx_blob_gas_used,

    ) = check_transaction(

        block_env=block_env,

        block_output=block_output,

        tx=tx,

        tx_state=tx_state,

    )

    sender_account = get_account(tx_state, sender)

    if isinstance(tx, BlobTransaction):

        blob_gas_fee = calculate_data_fee(block_env.excess_blob_gas, tx)

    else:

        blob_gas_fee = Uint(0)

    effective_gas_fee = tx.gas * effective_gas_price

    gas = tx.gas - intrinsic_gas

    increment_nonce(tx_state, sender)

    sender_balance_after_gas_fee = (

        Uint(sender_account.balance) - effective_gas_fee - blob_gas_fee

    )

    set_account_balance(tx_state, sender, U256(sender_balance_after_gas_fee))

    access_list_addresses = set()

    access_list_storage_keys = set()

    access_list_addresses.add(block_env.coinbase)

    if isinstance(

        tx, (AccessListTransaction, FeeMarketTransaction, BlobTransaction)

    ):

        for access in tx.access_list:

            access_list_addresses.add(access.account)

            for slot in access.slots:

                access_list_storage_keys.add((access.account, slot))

    tx_env = vm.TransactionEnvironment(

        origin=sender,

        gas_price=effective_gas_price,

        gas=gas,

        access_list_addresses=access_list_addresses,

        access_list_storage_keys=access_list_storage_keys,

        state=tx_state,

        blob_versioned_hashes=blob_versioned_hashes,

        index_in_block=index,

        tx_hash=get_transaction_hash(encode_transaction(tx)),

    )

    message = prepare_message(block_env, tx_env, tx)

    tx_output = process_message_call(message)

    tx_gas_used_before_refund = tx.gas - tx_output.gas_left

    tx_gas_refund = min(

        tx_gas_used_before_refund // Uint(5), Uint(tx_output.refund_counter)

    )

    tx_gas_used_after_refund = tx_gas_used_before_refund - tx_gas_refund

    tx_gas_left = tx.gas - tx_gas_used_after_refund

    gas_refund_amount = tx_gas_left * effective_gas_price

    # For non-1559 transactions effective_gas_price == tx.gas_price

    priority_fee_per_gas = effective_gas_price - block_env.base_fee_per_gas

    transaction_fee = tx_gas_used_after_refund * priority_fee_per_gas

    # refund gas

    create_ether(tx_state, sender, U256(gas_refund_amount))

    # transfer miner fees

    create_ether(tx_state, block_env.coinbase, U256(transaction_fee))

    for address in tx_output.accounts_to_delete:

        destroy_account(tx_state, address)

    block_output.block_gas_used += tx_gas_used_after_refund

    block_output.blob_gas_used += tx_blob_gas_used

    receipt = make_receipt(

        tx, tx_output.error, block_output.block_gas_used, tx_output.logs

    )

    receipt_key = rlp.encode(Uint(index))

    block_output.receipt_keys += (receipt_key,)

    trie_set(

        block_output.receipts_trie,

        receipt_key,

        receipt,

    )

    block_output.block_logs += tx_output.logs

    incorporate_tx_into_block(tx_state)

    <snip>

    wd_state = TransactionState(parent=block_env.state)

    for i, wd in enumerate(withdrawals):

        trie_set(

            block_output.withdrawals_trie,

            rlp.encode(Uint(i)),

            rlp.encode(wd),

        )

        create_ether(wd_state, wd.address, wd.amount * U256(10**9))

    incorporate_tx_into_block(wd_state)

    <snip>

    max_adjustment_delta = parent_gas_limit // GasCosts.LIMIT_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR

    if gas_limit >= parent_gas_limit + max_adjustment_delta:

        return False

    if gas_limit <= parent_gas_limit - max_adjustment_delta:

        return False

    if gas_limit < GasCosts.LIMIT_MINIMUM:

        return False

    return True