ethereum.forks.byzantium.vm.instructions.system
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions.
.. contents:: Table of Contents :backlinks: none :local:
Introduction
Implementations of the EVM system related instructions.
create ¶
Creates a new account with associated code.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def create(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 51 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 60 | # This import causes a circular import error |
| 61 | # if it's not moved inside this method |
| 62 | from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_create_message |
| 63 | |
| 64 | # STACK |
| 65 | endowment = pop(evm.stack) |
| 66 | memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 67 | memory_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 68 | |
| 69 | # GAS |
| 70 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 71 | evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)] |
| 72 | ) |
| 73 | |
| 74 | charge_gas(evm, GasCosts.OPCODE_CREATE_BASE + extend_memory.cost) |
| 75 | |
| 76 | create_message_gas = max_message_call_gas(Uint(evm.gas_left)) |
| 77 | evm.gas_left -= create_message_gas |
| 78 | if evm.message.is_static: |
| 79 | raise WriteInStaticContext |
| 80 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 81 | evm.return_data = b"" |
| 82 | |
| 83 | sender_address = evm.message.current_target |
| 84 | sender = get_account(evm.message.tx_env.state, sender_address) |
| 85 | |
| 86 | contract_address = compute_contract_address( |
| 87 | evm.message.current_target, |
| 88 | get_account( |
| 89 | evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target |
| 90 | ).nonce, |
| 91 | ) |
| 92 | |
| 93 | if ( |
| 94 | sender.balance < endowment |
| 95 | or sender.nonce == Uint(2**64 - 1) |
| 96 | or evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT |
| 97 | ): |
| 98 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 99 | evm.gas_left += create_message_gas |
| 100 | elif not account_deployable(evm.message.tx_env.state, contract_address): |
| 101 | increment_nonce(evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target) |
| 102 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 103 | else: |
| 104 | call_data = memory_read_bytes( |
| 105 | evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size |
| 106 | ) |
| 107 | |
| 108 | increment_nonce(evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target) |
| 109 | |
| 110 | child_message = Message( |
| 111 | block_env=evm.message.block_env, |
| 112 | tx_env=evm.message.tx_env, |
| 113 | caller=evm.message.current_target, |
| 114 | target=Bytes0(), |
| 115 | gas=create_message_gas, |
| 116 | value=endowment, |
| 117 | data=b"", |
| 118 | code=call_data, |
| 119 | current_target=contract_address, |
| 120 | depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1), |
| 121 | code_address=None, |
| 122 | should_transfer_value=True, |
| 123 | is_static=False, |
| 124 | parent_evm=evm, |
| 125 | ) |
| 126 | child_evm = process_create_message(child_message) |
| 127 | |
| 128 | if child_evm.error: |
| 129 | incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm) |
| 130 | evm.return_data = child_evm.output |
| 131 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 132 | else: |
| 133 | incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm) |
| 134 | evm.return_data = b"" |
| 135 | push( |
| 136 | evm.stack, U256.from_be_bytes(child_evm.message.current_target) |
| 137 | ) |
| 138 | |
| 139 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 140 | evm.pc += Uint(1) |
return_ ¶
Halts execution returning output data.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def return_(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 144 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 153 | # STACK |
| 154 | memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 155 | memory_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 156 | |
| 157 | # GAS |
| 158 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 159 | evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)] |
| 160 | ) |
| 161 | |
| 162 | charge_gas(evm, GasCosts.ZERO + extend_memory.cost) |
| 163 | |
| 164 | # OPERATION |
| 165 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 166 | evm.output = memory_read_bytes( |
| 167 | evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size |
| 168 | ) |
| 169 | |
| 170 | evm.running = False |
| 171 | |
| 172 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 173 | pass |
GenericCall ¶
Parameters for the core logic of the CALL* family of opcodes.
| 176 | @final |
|---|
| 177 | @dataclass |
|---|
class GenericCall:
gas¶
| 183 | gas: Uint |
|---|
value¶
| 184 | value: U256 |
|---|
caller¶
| 185 | caller: Address |
|---|
to¶
| 186 | to: Address |
|---|
code_address¶
| 187 | code_address: Address |
|---|
should_transfer_value¶
| 188 | should_transfer_value: bool |
|---|
is_staticcall¶
| 189 | is_staticcall: bool |
|---|
memory_input_start_position¶
| 190 | memory_input_start_position: U256 |
|---|
memory_input_size¶
| 191 | memory_input_size: U256 |
|---|
memory_output_start_position¶
| 192 | memory_output_start_position: U256 |
|---|
memory_output_size¶
| 193 | memory_output_size: U256 |
|---|
generic_call ¶
Perform the core logic of the CALL* family of opcodes.
def generic_call(evm: Evm, params: GenericCall) -> None:
| 197 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 200 | from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_message |
| 201 | |
| 202 | evm.return_data = b"" |
| 203 | |
| 204 | if evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT: |
| 205 | evm.gas_left += params.gas |
| 206 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 207 | return |
| 208 | |
| 209 | call_data = memory_read_bytes( |
| 210 | evm.memory, |
| 211 | params.memory_input_start_position, |
| 212 | params.memory_input_size, |
| 213 | ) |
| 214 | account = get_account(evm.message.tx_env.state, params.code_address) |
| 215 | code = get_code(evm.message.tx_env.state, account.code_hash) |
| 216 | child_message = Message( |
| 217 | block_env=evm.message.block_env, |
| 218 | tx_env=evm.message.tx_env, |
| 219 | caller=params.caller, |
| 220 | target=params.to, |
| 221 | gas=params.gas, |
| 222 | value=params.value, |
| 223 | data=call_data, |
| 224 | code=code, |
| 225 | current_target=params.to, |
| 226 | depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1), |
| 227 | code_address=params.code_address, |
| 228 | should_transfer_value=params.should_transfer_value, |
| 229 | is_static=params.is_staticcall or evm.message.is_static, |
| 230 | parent_evm=evm, |
| 231 | ) |
| 232 | child_evm = process_message(child_message) |
| 233 | |
| 234 | if child_evm.error: |
| 235 | incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm) |
| 236 | evm.return_data = child_evm.output |
| 237 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 238 | else: |
| 239 | incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm) |
| 240 | evm.return_data = child_evm.output |
| 241 | push(evm.stack, U256(1)) |
| 242 | |
| 243 | actual_output_size = min( |
| 244 | params.memory_output_size, U256(len(child_evm.output)) |
| 245 | ) |
| 246 | memory_write( |
| 247 | evm.memory, |
| 248 | params.memory_output_start_position, |
| 249 | child_evm.output[:actual_output_size], |
| 250 | ) |
call ¶
Message-call into an account.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def call(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 254 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 263 | # STACK |
| 264 | gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 265 | to = to_address_masked(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 266 | value = pop(evm.stack) |
| 267 | memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 268 | memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 269 | memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 270 | memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 271 | |
| 272 | # GAS |
| 273 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 274 | evm.memory, |
| 275 | [ |
| 276 | (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size), |
| 277 | (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size), |
| 278 | ], |
| 279 | ) |
| 280 | |
| 281 | code_address = to |
| 282 | |
| 283 | create_gas_cost = GasCosts.NEW_ACCOUNT |
| 284 | if value == 0 or is_account_alive(evm.message.tx_env.state, to): |
| 285 | create_gas_cost = Uint(0) |
| 286 | transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GasCosts.CALL_VALUE |
| 287 | message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas( |
| 288 | value, |
| 289 | gas, |
| 290 | Uint(evm.gas_left), |
| 291 | memory_cost=extend_memory.cost, |
| 292 | extra_gas=GasCosts.OPCODE_CALL_BASE |
| 293 | + create_gas_cost |
| 294 | + transfer_gas_cost, |
| 295 | ) |
| 296 | charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost) |
| 297 | if evm.message.is_static and value != U256(0): |
| 298 | raise WriteInStaticContext |
| 299 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 300 | sender_balance = get_account( |
| 301 | evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target |
| 302 | ).balance |
| 303 | if sender_balance < value: |
| 304 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 305 | evm.return_data = b"" |
| 306 | evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.sub_call |
| 307 | else: |
| 308 | generic_call( |
| 309 | evm, |
| 310 | GenericCall( |
| 311 | gas=message_call_gas.sub_call, |
| 312 | value=value, |
| 313 | caller=evm.message.current_target, |
| 314 | to=to, |
| 315 | code_address=code_address, |
| 316 | should_transfer_value=True, |
| 317 | is_staticcall=False, |
| 318 | memory_input_start_position=memory_input_start_position, |
| 319 | memory_input_size=memory_input_size, |
| 320 | memory_output_start_position=memory_output_start_position, |
| 321 | memory_output_size=memory_output_size, |
| 322 | ), |
| 323 | ) |
| 324 | |
| 325 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 326 | evm.pc += Uint(1) |
callcode ¶
Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def callcode(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 330 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 339 | # STACK |
| 340 | gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 341 | code_address = to_address_masked(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 342 | value = pop(evm.stack) |
| 343 | memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 344 | memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 345 | memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 346 | memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 347 | |
| 348 | # GAS |
| 349 | to = evm.message.current_target |
| 350 | |
| 351 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 352 | evm.memory, |
| 353 | [ |
| 354 | (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size), |
| 355 | (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size), |
| 356 | ], |
| 357 | ) |
| 358 | transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GasCosts.CALL_VALUE |
| 359 | message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas( |
| 360 | value, |
| 361 | gas, |
| 362 | Uint(evm.gas_left), |
| 363 | extend_memory.cost, |
| 364 | GasCosts.OPCODE_CALL_BASE + transfer_gas_cost, |
| 365 | ) |
| 366 | charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost) |
| 367 | |
| 368 | # OPERATION |
| 369 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 370 | sender_balance = get_account( |
| 371 | evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target |
| 372 | ).balance |
| 373 | if sender_balance < value: |
| 374 | push(evm.stack, U256(0)) |
| 375 | evm.return_data = b"" |
| 376 | evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.sub_call |
| 377 | else: |
| 378 | generic_call( |
| 379 | evm, |
| 380 | GenericCall( |
| 381 | gas=message_call_gas.sub_call, |
| 382 | value=value, |
| 383 | caller=evm.message.current_target, |
| 384 | to=to, |
| 385 | code_address=code_address, |
| 386 | should_transfer_value=True, |
| 387 | is_staticcall=False, |
| 388 | memory_input_start_position=memory_input_start_position, |
| 389 | memory_input_size=memory_input_size, |
| 390 | memory_output_start_position=memory_output_start_position, |
| 391 | memory_output_size=memory_output_size, |
| 392 | ), |
| 393 | ) |
| 394 | |
| 395 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 396 | evm.pc += Uint(1) |
selfdestruct ¶
Halt execution and register account for later deletion.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def selfdestruct(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 400 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 409 | # STACK |
| 410 | beneficiary = to_address_masked(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 411 | |
| 412 | # GAS |
| 413 | gas_cost = GasCosts.OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_BASE |
| 414 | if ( |
| 415 | not is_account_alive(evm.message.tx_env.state, beneficiary) |
| 416 | and get_account( |
| 417 | evm.message.tx_env.state, evm.message.current_target |
| 418 | ).balance |
| 419 | != 0 |
| 420 | ): |
| 421 | gas_cost += GasCosts.OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT |
| 422 | |
| 423 | originator = evm.message.current_target |
| 424 | |
| 425 | refunded_accounts = evm.accounts_to_delete |
| 426 | parent_evm = evm.message.parent_evm |
| 427 | while parent_evm is not None: |
| 428 | refunded_accounts.update(parent_evm.accounts_to_delete) |
| 429 | parent_evm = parent_evm.message.parent_evm |
| 430 | |
| 431 | if originator not in refunded_accounts: |
| 432 | evm.refund_counter += GasCosts.REFUND_SELF_DESTRUCT |
| 433 | |
| 434 | charge_gas(evm, gas_cost) |
| 435 | if evm.message.is_static: |
| 436 | raise WriteInStaticContext |
| 437 | |
| 438 | beneficiary_balance = get_account( |
| 439 | evm.message.tx_env.state, beneficiary |
| 440 | ).balance |
| 441 | originator_balance = get_account( |
| 442 | evm.message.tx_env.state, originator |
| 443 | ).balance |
| 444 | |
| 445 | # First Transfer to beneficiary |
| 446 | set_account_balance( |
| 447 | evm.message.tx_env.state, |
| 448 | beneficiary, |
| 449 | beneficiary_balance + originator_balance, |
| 450 | ) |
| 451 | # Next, Zero the balance of the address being deleted (must come after |
| 452 | # sending to beneficiary in case the contract named itself as the |
| 453 | # beneficiary). |
| 454 | set_account_balance(evm.message.tx_env.state, originator, U256(0)) |
| 455 | |
| 456 | # register account for deletion |
| 457 | evm.accounts_to_delete.add(originator) |
| 458 | |
| 459 | # mark beneficiary as touched |
| 460 | if account_exists_and_is_empty(evm.message.tx_env.state, beneficiary): |
| 461 | evm.touched_accounts.add(beneficiary) |
| 462 | |
| 463 | # HALT the execution |
| 464 | evm.running = False |
| 465 | |
| 466 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 467 | pass |
delegatecall ¶
Message-call into an account.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def delegatecall(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 471 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 480 | # STACK |
| 481 | gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 482 | code_address = to_address_masked(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 483 | memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 484 | memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 485 | memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 486 | memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 487 | |
| 488 | # GAS |
| 489 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 490 | evm.memory, |
| 491 | [ |
| 492 | (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size), |
| 493 | (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size), |
| 494 | ], |
| 495 | ) |
| 496 | message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas( |
| 497 | U256(0), |
| 498 | gas, |
| 499 | Uint(evm.gas_left), |
| 500 | extend_memory.cost, |
| 501 | GasCosts.OPCODE_CALL_BASE, |
| 502 | ) |
| 503 | charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost) |
| 504 | |
| 505 | # OPERATION |
| 506 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 507 | generic_call( |
| 508 | evm, |
| 509 | GenericCall( |
| 510 | gas=message_call_gas.sub_call, |
| 511 | value=evm.message.value, |
| 512 | caller=evm.message.caller, |
| 513 | to=evm.message.current_target, |
| 514 | code_address=code_address, |
| 515 | should_transfer_value=False, |
| 516 | is_staticcall=False, |
| 517 | memory_input_start_position=memory_input_start_position, |
| 518 | memory_input_size=memory_input_size, |
| 519 | memory_output_start_position=memory_output_start_position, |
| 520 | memory_output_size=memory_output_size, |
| 521 | ), |
| 522 | ) |
| 523 | |
| 524 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 525 | evm.pc += Uint(1) |
staticcall ¶
Message-call into an account.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def staticcall(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 529 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 538 | # STACK |
| 539 | gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 540 | to = to_address_masked(pop(evm.stack)) |
| 541 | memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 542 | memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 543 | memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack) |
| 544 | memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 545 | |
| 546 | # GAS |
| 547 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 548 | evm.memory, |
| 549 | [ |
| 550 | (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size), |
| 551 | (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size), |
| 552 | ], |
| 553 | ) |
| 554 | |
| 555 | code_address = to |
| 556 | |
| 557 | message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas( |
| 558 | U256(0), |
| 559 | gas, |
| 560 | Uint(evm.gas_left), |
| 561 | extend_memory.cost, |
| 562 | GasCosts.OPCODE_CALL_BASE, |
| 563 | ) |
| 564 | charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost) |
| 565 | |
| 566 | # OPERATION |
| 567 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 568 | generic_call( |
| 569 | evm, |
| 570 | GenericCall( |
| 571 | gas=message_call_gas.sub_call, |
| 572 | value=U256(0), |
| 573 | caller=evm.message.current_target, |
| 574 | to=to, |
| 575 | code_address=code_address, |
| 576 | should_transfer_value=True, |
| 577 | is_staticcall=True, |
| 578 | memory_input_start_position=memory_input_start_position, |
| 579 | memory_input_size=memory_input_size, |
| 580 | memory_output_start_position=memory_output_start_position, |
| 581 | memory_output_size=memory_output_size, |
| 582 | ), |
| 583 | ) |
| 584 | |
| 585 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 586 | evm.pc += Uint(1) |
revert ¶
Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and also has the ability to return a reason.
Parameters
evm : The current EVM frame.
def revert(evm: Evm) -> None:
| 590 | <snip> |
|---|---|
| 600 | # STACK |
| 601 | memory_start_index = pop(evm.stack) |
| 602 | size = pop(evm.stack) |
| 603 | |
| 604 | # GAS |
| 605 | extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory( |
| 606 | evm.memory, [(memory_start_index, size)] |
| 607 | ) |
| 608 | |
| 609 | charge_gas(evm, extend_memory.cost) |
| 610 | |
| 611 | # OPERATION |
| 612 | evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by |
| 613 | output = memory_read_bytes(evm.memory, memory_start_index, size) |
| 614 | evm.output = Bytes(output) |
| 615 | raise Revert |
| 616 | |
| 617 | # PROGRAM COUNTER |
| 618 | # no-op |