ethereum.forks.bpo4.vm.gas

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas.

.. contents:: Table of Contents :backlinks: none :local:

Introduction

EVM gas constants and calculators.

GasCosts

Constant gas values for the EVM.

class GasCosts:

BASE

36
    BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(2)

VERY_LOW

37
    VERY_LOW: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

LOW

38
    LOW: Final[Uint] = Uint(5)

MID

39
    MID: Final[Uint] = Uint(8)

HIGH

40
    HIGH: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

WARM_ACCESS

43
    WARM_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(100)

COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS

44
    COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2600)

COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS

45
    COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2100)

STORAGE_SET

48
    STORAGE_SET: Final[Uint] = Uint(20000)

COLD_STORAGE_WRITE

49
    COLD_STORAGE_WRITE: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

CALL_STIPEND

52
    CALL_STIPEND: Final[Uint] = Uint(2300)

CALL_VALUE

53
    CALL_VALUE: Final[Uint] = Uint(9000)

NEW_ACCOUNT

54
    NEW_ACCOUNT: Final[Uint] = Uint(25000)

CODE_DEPOSIT_PER_BYTE

57
    CODE_DEPOSIT_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(200)

CODE_INIT_PER_WORD

58
    CODE_INIT_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(2)

AUTH_PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT

61
    AUTH_PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT: Final[int] = 25000

ZERO

64
    ZERO: Final[Uint] = Uint(0)

MEMORY_PER_WORD

65
    MEMORY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

FAST_STEP

66
    FAST_STEP: Final[Uint] = Uint(5)

REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR

69
    REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR: Final[int] = 4800

REFUND_AUTH_PER_EXISTING_ACCOUNT

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    REFUND_AUTH_PER_EXISTING_ACCOUNT: Final[int] = 12500

PRECOMPILE_ECRECOVER

73
    PRECOMPILE_ECRECOVER: Final[Uint] = Uint(3000)

PRECOMPILE_P256VERIFY

74
    PRECOMPILE_P256VERIFY: Final[Uint] = Uint(6900)

PRECOMPILE_SHA256_BASE

75
    PRECOMPILE_SHA256_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(60)

PRECOMPILE_SHA256_PER_WORD

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    PRECOMPILE_SHA256_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(12)

PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_BASE

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    PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(600)

PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_PER_WORD

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    PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(120)

PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_BASE

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    PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(15)

PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_PER_WORD

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    PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

PRECOMPILE_BLAKE2F_PER_ROUND

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    PRECOMPILE_BLAKE2F_PER_ROUND: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

PRECOMPILE_POINT_EVALUATION

82
    PRECOMPILE_POINT_EVALUATION: Final[Uint] = Uint(50000)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1ADD

83
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1ADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MUL

84
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(12000)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MAP

85
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MAP: Final[Uint] = Uint(5500)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2ADD

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    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2ADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(600)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MUL

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    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(22500)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MAP

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    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MAP: Final[Uint] = Uint(23800)

PRECOMPILE_ECADD

89
    PRECOMPILE_ECADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(150)

PRECOMPILE_ECMUL

90
    PRECOMPILE_ECMUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(6000)

PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_BASE

91
    PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(45000)

PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_PER_POINT

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    PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_PER_POINT: Final[Uint] = Uint(34000)

PER_BLOB

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    PER_BLOB: Final[U64] = U64(2**17)

BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET

96
    BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET: Final[U64] = U64(14)

BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK

97
    BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK: Final[U64] = PER_BLOB * BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET

BLOB_BASE_COST

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    BLOB_BASE_COST: Final[Uint] = Uint(2**13)

BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX

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    BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX: Final[U64] = U64(21)

BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE

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    BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION

101
    BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION: Final[Uint] = Uint(11684671)

TX_BASE

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    TX_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(21000)

TX_CREATE

105
    TX_CREATE: Final[Uint] = Uint(32000)

TX_DATA_TOKEN_STANDARD

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    TX_DATA_TOKEN_STANDARD: Final[Uint] = Uint(4)

TX_DATA_TOKEN_FLOOR

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    TX_DATA_TOKEN_FLOOR: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS

108
    TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2400)

TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY

109
    TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY: Final[Uint] = Uint(1900)

TX_MAX_GAS_LIMIT

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    TX_MAX_GAS_LIMIT: Final[Uint] = Uint(16_777_216)

LIMIT_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR

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    LIMIT_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR: Final[Uint] = Uint(1024)

LIMIT_MINIMUM

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    LIMIT_MINIMUM: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

OPCODE_ADD

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    OPCODE_ADD: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SUB

118
    OPCODE_SUB: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MUL

119
    OPCODE_MUL: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_DIV

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    OPCODE_DIV: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_SDIV

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    OPCODE_SDIV: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_MOD

122
    OPCODE_MOD: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_SMOD

123
    OPCODE_SMOD: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_ADDMOD

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    OPCODE_ADDMOD: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_MULMOD

125
    OPCODE_MULMOD: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_SIGNEXTEND

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    OPCODE_SIGNEXTEND: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_LT

127
    OPCODE_LT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_GT

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    OPCODE_GT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SLT

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    OPCODE_SLT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SGT

130
    OPCODE_SGT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_EQ

131
    OPCODE_EQ: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_ISZERO

132
    OPCODE_ISZERO: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_AND

133
    OPCODE_AND: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_OR

134
    OPCODE_OR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_XOR

135
    OPCODE_XOR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_NOT

136
    OPCODE_NOT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_BYTE

137
    OPCODE_BYTE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SHL

138
    OPCODE_SHL: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SHR

139
    OPCODE_SHR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SAR

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    OPCODE_SAR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_CLZ

141
    OPCODE_CLZ: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_JUMP

142
    OPCODE_JUMP: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_JUMPI

143
    OPCODE_JUMPI: Final[Uint] = HIGH

OPCODE_JUMPDEST

144
    OPCODE_JUMPDEST: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

OPCODE_CALLDATALOAD

145
    OPCODE_CALLDATALOAD: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_BLOCKHASH

146
    OPCODE_BLOCKHASH: Final[Uint] = Uint(20)

OPCODE_COINBASE

147
    OPCODE_COINBASE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_POP

148
    OPCODE_POP: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_MSIZE

149
    OPCODE_MSIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_PC

150
    OPCODE_PC: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GAS

151
    OPCODE_GAS: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_ADDRESS

152
    OPCODE_ADDRESS: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_ORIGIN

153
    OPCODE_ORIGIN: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLER

154
    OPCODE_CALLER: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLVALUE

155
    OPCODE_CALLVALUE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLDATASIZE

156
    OPCODE_CALLDATASIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CODESIZE

157
    OPCODE_CODESIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GASPRICE

158
    OPCODE_GASPRICE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_TIMESTAMP

159
    OPCODE_TIMESTAMP: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_NUMBER

160
    OPCODE_NUMBER: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GASLIMIT

161
    OPCODE_GASLIMIT: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_PREVRANDAO

162
    OPCODE_PREVRANDAO: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_RETURNDATASIZE

163
    OPCODE_RETURNDATASIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CHAINID

164
    OPCODE_CHAINID: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_SELFBALANCE

165
    OPCODE_SELFBALANCE: Final[Uint] = FAST_STEP

OPCODE_BASEFEE

166
    OPCODE_BASEFEE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_BLOBBASEFEE

167
    OPCODE_BLOBBASEFEE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_BLOBHASH

168
    OPCODE_BLOBHASH: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_PUSH

169
    OPCODE_PUSH: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_PUSH0

170
    OPCODE_PUSH0: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_DUP

171
    OPCODE_DUP: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SWAP

172
    OPCODE_SWAP: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_TLOAD

173
    OPCODE_TLOAD: Final[Uint] = WARM_ACCESS

OPCODE_TSTORE

174
    OPCODE_TSTORE: Final[Uint] = WARM_ACCESS

OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_BASE

177
    OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_PER_WORD

178
    OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_CALLDATACOPY_BASE

179
    OPCODE_CALLDATACOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_CODECOPY_BASE

180
    OPCODE_CODECOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MCOPY_BASE

181
    OPCODE_MCOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MLOAD_BASE

182
    OPCODE_MLOAD_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MSTORE_BASE

183
    OPCODE_MSTORE_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MSTORE8_BASE

184
    OPCODE_MSTORE8_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_COPY_PER_WORD

185
    OPCODE_COPY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_CREATE_BASE

186
    OPCODE_CREATE_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(32000)

OPCODE_EXP_BASE

187
    OPCODE_EXP_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

OPCODE_EXP_PER_BYTE

188
    OPCODE_EXP_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(50)

OPCODE_KECCAK256_BASE

189
    OPCODE_KECCAK256_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(30)

OPCODE_KECCAK256_PER_WORD

190
    OPCODE_KECCAK256_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(6)

OPCODE_LOG_BASE

191
    OPCODE_LOG_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

OPCODE_LOG_DATA_PER_BYTE

192
    OPCODE_LOG_DATA_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(8)

OPCODE_LOG_TOPIC

193
    OPCODE_LOG_TOPIC: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_BASE

194
    OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT

195
    OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT: Final[Uint] = Uint(25000)

ExtendMemory

Define the parameters for memory extension in opcodes.

cost: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas required to perform the extension expand_by: ethereum.base_types.Uint The size by which the memory will be extended

198
@final
199
@dataclass
class ExtendMemory:

cost

210
    cost: Uint

expand_by

211
    expand_by: Uint

MessageCallGas

Define the gas cost and gas given to the sub-call for executing the call opcodes.

cost: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas required to execute the call opcode, excludes memory expansion costs. sub_call: ethereum.base_types.Uint The portion of gas available to sub-calls that is refundable if not consumed.

214
@final
215
@dataclass
class MessageCallGas:

cost

229
    cost: Uint

sub_call

230
    sub_call: Uint

charge_gas

Subtracts amount from evm.gas_left.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM. amount : The amount of gas the current operation requires.

def charge_gas(evm: Evm, ​​amount: Uint) -> None:
234
    <snip>
245
    evm_trace(evm, GasAndRefund(int(amount)))
246
247
    if evm.gas_left < amount:
248
        raise OutOfGasError
249
    else:
250
        evm.gas_left -= amount

calculate_memory_gas_cost

Calculates the gas cost for allocating memory to the smallest multiple of 32 bytes, such that the allocated size is at least as big as the given size.

Parameters

size_in_bytes : The size of the data in bytes.

Returns

total_gas_cost : ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas cost for storing data in memory.

def calculate_memory_gas_cost(size_in_bytes: Uint) -> Uint:
254
    <snip>
270
    size_in_words = ceil32(size_in_bytes) // Uint(32)
271
    linear_cost = size_in_words * GasCosts.MEMORY_PER_WORD
272
    quadratic_cost = size_in_words ** Uint(2) // Uint(512)
273
    total_gas_cost = linear_cost + quadratic_cost
274
    try:
275
        return total_gas_cost
276
    except ValueError as e:
277
        raise OutOfGasError from e

calculate_gas_extend_memory

Calculates the gas amount to extend memory.

Parameters

memory : Memory contents of the EVM. extensions: List of extensions to be made to the memory. Consists of a tuple of start position and size.

Returns

extend_memory: ExtendMemory

def calculate_gas_extend_memory(memory: bytearray, ​​extensions: List[Tuple[U256, U256]]) -> ExtendMemory:
283
    <snip>
299
    size_to_extend = Uint(0)
300
    to_be_paid = Uint(0)
301
    current_size = ulen(memory)
302
    for start_position, size in extensions:
303
        if size == 0:
304
            continue
305
        before_size = ceil32(current_size)
306
        after_size = ceil32(Uint(start_position) + Uint(size))
307
        if after_size <= before_size:
308
            continue
309
310
        size_to_extend += after_size - before_size
311
        already_paid = calculate_memory_gas_cost(before_size)
312
        total_cost = calculate_memory_gas_cost(after_size)
313
        to_be_paid += total_cost - already_paid
314
315
        current_size = after_size
316
317
    return ExtendMemory(to_be_paid, size_to_extend)

calculate_message_call_gas

Calculates the MessageCallGas (cost and gas made available to the sub-call) for executing call Opcodes.

Parameters

value: The amount of ETH that needs to be transferred. gas : The amount of gas provided to the message-call. gas_left : The amount of gas left in the current frame. memory_cost : The amount needed to extend the memory in the current frame. extra_gas : The amount of gas needed for transferring value + creating a new account inside a message call. call_stipend : The amount of stipend provided to a message call to execute code while transferring value (ETH).

Returns

message_call_gas: MessageCallGas

def calculate_message_call_gas(value: U256, ​​gas: Uint, ​​gas_left: Uint, ​​memory_cost: Uint, ​​extra_gas: Uint, ​​call_stipend: Uint) -> MessageCallGas:
328
    <snip>
354
    call_stipend = Uint(0) if value == 0 else call_stipend
355
    if gas_left < extra_gas + memory_cost:
356
        return MessageCallGas(gas + extra_gas, gas + call_stipend)
357
358
    gas = min(gas, max_message_call_gas(gas_left - memory_cost - extra_gas))
359
360
    return MessageCallGas(gas + extra_gas, gas + call_stipend)

max_message_call_gas

Calculates the maximum gas that is allowed for making a message call.

Parameters

gas : The amount of gas provided to the message-call.

Returns

max_allowed_message_call_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The maximum gas allowed for making the message-call.

def max_message_call_gas(gas: Uint) -> Uint:
364
    <snip>
378
    return gas - (gas // Uint(64))

init_code_cost

Calculates the gas to be charged for the init code in CREATE* opcodes as well as create transactions.

Parameters

init_code_length : The length of the init code provided to the opcode or a create transaction

Returns

init_code_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas to be charged for the init code.

def init_code_cost(init_code_length: Uint) -> Uint:
382
    <snip>
398
    return GasCosts.CODE_INIT_PER_WORD * ceil32(init_code_length) // Uint(32)

calculate_excess_blob_gas

Calculates the excess blob gas for the current block based on the gas used in the parent block.

Parameters

parent_header : The parent block of the current block.

Returns

excess_blob_gas: ethereum.base_types.U64 The excess blob gas for the current block.

def calculate_excess_blob_gas(parent_header: Header | PreviousHeader) -> U64:
404
    <snip>
419
    # Defaults for a parent without blob gas fields.
420
    excess_blob_gas = U64(0)
421
    blob_gas_used = U64(0)
422
    base_fee_per_gas = Uint(0)
423
424
    if isinstance(parent_header, (Header, PreviousHeader)):
425
        # Read them from any parent that carries the fields, so
426
        # accumulated excess blob gas survives a fork transition.
427
        excess_blob_gas = parent_header.excess_blob_gas
428
        blob_gas_used = parent_header.blob_gas_used
429
        base_fee_per_gas = parent_header.base_fee_per_gas
430
431
    parent_blob_gas = excess_blob_gas + blob_gas_used
432
    if parent_blob_gas < GasCosts.BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK:
433
        return U64(0)
434
435
    target_blob_gas_price = Uint(GasCosts.PER_BLOB)
436
    target_blob_gas_price *= calculate_blob_gas_price(excess_blob_gas)
437
438
    base_blob_tx_price = GasCosts.BLOB_BASE_COST * base_fee_per_gas
439
    if base_blob_tx_price > target_blob_gas_price:
440
        blob_schedule_delta = (
441
            GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX - GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET
442
        )
443
        return (
444
            excess_blob_gas
445
            + blob_gas_used * blob_schedule_delta // GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX
446
        )
447
448
    return parent_blob_gas - GasCosts.BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK

calculate_total_blob_gas

Calculate the total blob gas for a transaction.

Parameters

tx : The transaction for which the blob gas is to be calculated.

Returns

total_blob_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The total blob gas for the transaction.

def calculate_total_blob_gas(tx: Transaction) -> U64:
452
    <snip>
466
    if isinstance(tx, BlobTransaction):
467
        return GasCosts.PER_BLOB * U64(len(tx.blob_versioned_hashes))
468
    else:
469
        return U64(0)

calculate_blob_gas_price

Calculate the blob gasprice for a block.

Parameters

excess_blob_gas : The excess blob gas for the block.

Returns

blob_gasprice: Uint The blob gasprice.

def calculate_blob_gas_price(excess_blob_gas: U64) -> Uint:
473
    <snip>
487
    return taylor_exponential(
488
        GasCosts.BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE,
489
        Uint(excess_blob_gas),
490
        GasCosts.BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION,
491
    )

calculate_data_fee

Calculate the blob data fee for a transaction.

Parameters

excess_blob_gas : The excess_blob_gas for the execution. tx : The transaction for which the blob data fee is to be calculated.

Returns

data_fee: Uint The blob data fee.

def calculate_data_fee(excess_blob_gas: U64, ​​tx: Transaction) -> Uint:
495
    <snip>
511
    return Uint(calculate_total_blob_gas(tx)) * calculate_blob_gas_price(
512
        excess_blob_gas
513
    )