Union type representing any valid transaction type.

Encode a transaction into its RLP or typed transaction format. Needed because non-legacy transactions aren't RLP.

Legacy transactions are returned as-is, while other transaction types are prefixed with their type identifier and RLP encoded.

Decode a transaction from its RLP or typed transaction format. Needed because non-legacy transactions aren't RLP.

Legacy transactions are returned as-is, while other transaction types are decoded based on their type identifier prefix.

Verifies a transaction.

The gas in a transaction gets used to pay for the intrinsic cost of operations, therefore if there is insufficient gas then it would not be possible to execute a transaction and it will be declared invalid.

Additionally, the nonce of a transaction must not equal or exceed the limit defined in EIP-2681. In practice, defining the limit as 2**64-1 has no impact because sending 2**64-1 transactions is improbable. It's not strictly impossible though, 2**64-1 transactions is the entire capacity of the Ethereum blockchain at 2022 gas limits for a little over 22 years.

Also, the code size of a contract creation transaction must be within limits of the protocol.

This function takes a transaction as a parameter and returns the intrinsic gas cost of the transaction after validation. It throws angas cost and the minimum calldata gas cost for the transaction after validation. It throws an InsufficientTransactionGasError exception if the transaction does not exception if provide enough gas to cover the intrinsic cost, and a the transaction does not provide enough gas to cover the intrinsic cost, and a NonceOverflowError exception if the nonce is greater than exception if the nonce is greater than 2**64 - 2. It also raises an. It also raises an InitCodeTooLargeError if the code size of InitCodeTooLargeError if the code size of a contract creation transaction exceeds the maximum allowed size.a contract creation transaction exceeds the maximum allowed size.

Calculates the gas that is charged before execution is started.

The intrinsic cost of the transaction is charged before execution has begun. Functions/operations in the EVM cost money to execute so this intrinsic cost is for the operations that need to be paid for as part of the transaction. Data transfer, for example, is part of this intrinsic cost. It costs ether to send data over the wire and that ether is accounted for in the intrinsic cost calculated in this function. This intrinsic cost must be calculated and paid for before execution in order for all operations to be implemented.

The intrinsic cost includes:

1. Base cost (TX_BASE)

2. Cost for data (zero and non-zero bytes)

3. Cost for contract creation (if applicable)

4. Cost for access list entries (if applicable)

5. Cost for authorizations (if applicable)

This function takes a transaction as a parameter and returns the intrinsic gas cost of the transaction.gas cost of the transaction and the minimum gas cost used by the transaction based on the calldata size.

Extracts the sender address from a transaction.

The v, r, and s values are the three parts that make up the signature of a transaction. In order to recover the sender of a transaction the two components needed are the signature (v, r, and s) and the signing hash of the transaction. The sender's public key can be obtained with these two values and therefore the sender address can be retrieved.

This function takes chain_id and a transaction as parameters and returns the address of the sender of the transaction. It raises an InvalidSignatureError if the signature values (r, s, v) are invalid.

Compute the hash of a transaction used in a legacy (pre EIP-155) signature.

This function takes a legacy transaction as a parameter and returns the signing hash of the transaction.

Compute the hash of a transaction used in a EIP-155 signature.

This function takes a legacy transaction and a chain ID as parameters and returns the hash of the transaction used in an EIP-155 signature.

Compute the hash of a transaction used in a EIP-2930 signature.

This function takes an access list transaction as a parameter and returns the hash of the transaction used in an EIP-2930 signature.

Compute the hash of a transaction used in an EIP-1559 signature.

This function takes a fee market transaction as a parameter and returns the hash of the transaction used in an EIP-1559 signature.

Compute the hash of a transaction used in an EIP-4844 signature.

This function takes a transaction as a parameter and returns the signing hash of the transaction used in an EIP-4844 signature.

Compute the hash of a transaction.

This function takes a transaction as a parameter and returns the keccak256 hash of the transaction. It can handle both legacy transactions and typed transactions (AccessListTransaction, FeeMarketTransaction, etc.).